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Videos

Introductions to Protein Structure

What is a Protein?

How Enzymes Work

How Neurons Communicate

Opioids and Pain Signaling

Neuronal Signaling and Sodium-Potassium Pump

Celebrating 50 Years of the Protein Data Bank Archive

Methods for Determining Atomic Structures

	What is a Protein? Proteins play countless roles throughout the biological world, from catalyzing chemical reactions to building the structures of all living things. Despite this wide range of functions all proteins are made out of the same twenty amino acids, but combined in different ways. The way these twenty amino acids are arranged dictates the folding of the protein into its primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Since protein function is based on the ability to recognize and bind to specific molecules, having the correct shape is critical for proteins to do their jobs correctly. Learn more about the relationship between protein structure and function in this video.
	How Enzymes Work
	How Neurons Communicate The billions of neurons in our nervous system are constantly communicating. The signals they send to each other are responsible for our thoughts, sensations, and actions. Learn how ions, ion channels, receptors, and neurotransmitters work together to enable the neuronal signaling process.
	Opioids and Pain Signaling Pain is one of the most trying experiences of life. On the cellular level it is communicated via special neuronal pathways. On the molecular level, however, pain is communicated like any other sensation, via a set of electrical and chemical signals facilitated by complex molecular machinery. These signals can be modulated by opioids, causing us to feel less pain, or no pain at all. Learn how opioids activate the G-proteins which in turn interact with other proteins to edit the pain signal.
	Neuronal Signaling and Sodium-Potassium Pump Explore the concepts of resting and action potentials and the role of sodium-potassium pump in regulating them.
	Photosynthesis Plants use photosynthesis to capture energy from sunlight
	Calcium Pump The calcium pump moves ions across cell membranes allowing the synchronized contraction of muscle cells.
	Aconitase Aconitase converts citrate into isocitrate as part of the citric acid cycle.
	Celebrating 50 Years of the Protein Data Bank Archive In 1971, the structural biology community established the single worldwide archive for macromolecular structure data–the Protein Data Bank (PDB). From its inception, the PDB has embraced a culture of open access, leading to its widespread use by the research community. PDB data are used by hundreds of data resources and millions of users exploring fundamental biology, energy, and biomedicine. This video looks at the history and the milestones that shaped the PDB into the leading resource for research and education it is today.
	Methods for Determining Atomic Structures These videos below give a brief overview of the three main methods for determining the atomic structures: X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy.

Structures and Disease

Fighting Coronavirus with Soap

Penicillin and Antibiotic Resistance

Ebola Virus Proteins

A Molecular View of HIV Therapy

Learn about HIV from the RCSB Protein Data Bank

RCSB PDB: An Empowering Resource for Understanding HIV/AIDS at a Molecular Level

Staphylococcus aureus and Antibiotic Resistance

	Fighting Coronavirus with Soap Always use soap when you wash your hands! Soap molecules break up the outer envelope of viruses such as coronavirus, stopping infection.
	Penicillin and Antibiotic Resistance Since its discovery in 1928, penicillin and penicillin-related antibiotics helped save countless lives from bacterial infections. However, in the face of overuse and misuse of antibiotics, bacteria evolved resistance mechanisms that allow them to proliferate even in the presence of the newest antibiotics.
	Ebola Virus Proteins Tour the molecular anatomy of the Ebola virus with the RCSB PDB. Understanding of the shape and structure of the proteins that make up Ebola is a key component in the fight against the virus. Learn more at Molecule of the Month.
	A Molecular View of HIV Therapy After HIV enters a T-cell, three enzymes play essential roles in the life cycle of the virus. Reverse transcriptase copies the viral RNA genome and makes a DNA copy. Integrase inserts this viral DNA into the cell’s DNA. In the last steps of the viral life cycle, HIV protease cuts HIV proteins into their functional parts. Current antiretroviral drugs target these three enzymes, hindering the virus reproduction. However, enzymes can mutate and become drug resistant, making it vital to use a combination of different drugs that target multiple enzymes. This animation was created using many PDB entries for Reverse Transcriptase (3hvt, 3dlk, 3v6d, 3v4i, 3klg, 3v81), Integrase (3os1, 3os0, 3oya), Protease (3pj6, 1kj4, 1hxb, 2az9, 2azc), HIV Polyprotein (1l6n), Capsid Protein (2m8l), and Matrix Protein (1tam).
	Learn about HIV from the RCSB Protein Data Bank Use the RCSB PDB Resources to Learn about HIV
	RCSB PDB: An Empowering Resource for Understanding HIV/AIDS at a Molecular Level This seminar was presented by Stephen K. Burley, MD, DPhil, and Shuchismita Dutta, PhD on December 5th 2014 as part of the World AIDS Day Symposium at the Rutgers Center for Integrative Proteomics Research in Piscataway, NJ.
	Staphylococcus aureus and Antibiotic Resistance How penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics work and what mechanisms the resistant bacteria use it to evade them.

Animated GIFs

Artificial lattice of a designed DNA crystal

Coronavirus Main Protease

Oxygen Binding in Hemoglobin

Photoactive Yellow Protein and XFEL/SFX

Ribosomal Subunits

Vacuolar ATPase

X-ray Crystallography

	ATP synthase ATP synthase
	Aconitase Aconitase converts citrate into isocitrate as part of the citric acid cycle.
	Artificial lattice of a designed DNA crystal Designed DNA crystal: Small pieces of DNA have been engineered to form a nanoscale lattice.
	Coronavirus Main Protease SARS-CoV-2 main protease protein with inhibitor N3
	Oxygen Binding in Hemoglobin Hemoglobin uses a change in shape to increase the efficiency of oxygen transport.
	Photoactive Yellow Protein and XFEL/SFX Structures of photoactive yellow protein were determined by serial femtosecond crystallography after illumination, capturing the isomerization of the chromophore after it absorbs light. Structures included in this movie include: 5hd3 (ground state), 5hdc (100-400 femtoseconds after illumination), 5hdd (800-1200 femtoseconds), 5hds (3 picoseconds), 4b9o (100 picoseconds), 5hd5 (200 nanoseconds) and 1ts0 (1 millisecond). For more, see the Molecule of the Month on Photoactive Yellow Protein and Guide to Understanding PDB Data: Methods for Determining Atomic Structures
	Ribosomal Subunits Atomic structures of the ribosomal subunits reveal a central role for RNA in protein synthesis. Ribosomes are complex molecular machines that build proteins.
	Vacuolar ATPase Two linked molecular motors are used to pump protons across membranes.
	X-ray Crystallography

Video Challenge Awards

2022 Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer

2021 Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs for Mental Disorders

2020 Molecular Mechanisms of Opioid Action

2019 Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

2018 Bacterial Resistance to Beta-lactam Antibiotics

Molecular Animation Guides

Visualizing PDB Structures with UCSF Chimera

Exploring PDB structures in 3D with MolStar

Visualizing PDB Structures with UCSF Chimera for Beginners

Molecular Animation Q&A

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